Explaining a Process

(Updated: March 24, 1998)

"A process tells how a particular task or operation is accomplished, or how it is habitually carried out. a process essay can also describe how something -- a machine, a system, an organization -- works" (Common Ground, p.159).

Things to Keep in Mind

1. Using Chronological Sequence (Time Order)
• Generally in this type of essay, you want to go through the process in the order the actions are performed.
• You don't want to skip around unless there is a good reason
• You may want to refer back to remind the reader of a previous step or alert the reader that upcoming steps are important. [Ex. Save the screws; they will be used in the next step.]
2. Using Verb Tenses
• You should use consistent verb tenses.
• Use past the talk about the past
• Use present to talk about now
• use future to talk about what will be done
• When one event occurs before another, use the right verb sequences.
  • When you have finished putting the washer in, insert the screw.
  • Before putting in the screw, insert the washer.
3. Use Statements and Commands
• You are telling people what to do.
• Be clear and make sure that words can not be taken in two ways.
• If need be, give side instructions or drawings.
• Be polite, but keep in mind that it is usually better to be direct, especially if it is a important or hazardous part of the process.
4. Using Transitions
• Key Transitions
•  

First, second	Meanwhile
After that	While
Then	Before
Next	Now
At the same time	Finally

• Make sure that you use transitions to show how one step follows another or is done at the same time.
5. Being Thorough and Precise
   • Make sure that you have give each step and have not left anything out
   • Have someone else go over the directions.

   (Adapted from, Common Ground, Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephan R. Mandel, St. Martin's Press, 1994, pp. 159-162)