INDO-EUROPEAN LANGAUGES

From _Origins of the English Langauge_, Joseph Williams (pp. 41-91)

Cognates: 

Indo European       Non Indo-European
-------------       -----------------
English: snow       Hungarian: ho           IE covers an area from Ireland
German: schnee      Finnish: lumi           through EU to N. India with the
Latin: nivis	    Turkish: kar            exception of Hungary, Finland, 
Greek: nipha  	    Arabic: galid           Turkey, Basque, Arabia.
Sanskrit: snehas    Japanese: yuki    Other major groups: Semitic-Hamitic
Russian: snyek      Chinese: hsueh                        Bantu
                                                          Sino-Tibetian
                                                          Malay-Polynesian
Some of the oldest English Words:                         Amerid

wif(wife)	fod(food)	god(good)	stan(stone)	brodor(brother)
winter(winter)	sittan(sit)	slepan(sleep)	win(wine)	hand(hand)
weather(water)  (What might this say about the society?)
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Centum-Satem Split:       

Indo-European Split -> Western European (west of 20 E)
	original "k" sound changed to "sh" and "s" in the east:

    IE hundred *kmtom became satam in Sanskrit (India)     *= recreated
                             Cant  in Celtic   (W. Eu)

Western Branch split into Hellenic (Greek), Romance(Fr/Sp etc.) and Germantic.
Eastern Branch split into Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Baltic

Words that appear only in the West IE: corn, grain, mow, sea, fish, elm
    (What does this tell us about the peoples in the West?)
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Germanic: North(Swedish/Nor/Danish) West(English,Dutch, German,Yiddish)

Words found only in Germantic: brew, weath, gold, lead, tin, earl, king, write
	north, south, east, west, ship, steer (cognates don't appear in 
        non-Germantic langauges) (What might this tell us?)

Grimm's Law: dentis tooth   d -> t  
             padre  father  p -> f
             cent   hundred c -> h
             genus  kin     g -> k
             piscis fish    p -> f
             labia  lip     b -> p
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Pre-Roman: Celtic

Germanic-Roman contact: (45 B.C. - 449 A.D.)  [Latin - OE - Mod. Eng.]
   calcem-cealc-chalk        cippa-cuppe-cup
   caseus-cese-cheese        pisum-pisa-pea
   About 170 words were borrowed during this time period

Anglo-Saxon invasion: ( start 449 A.D.)
    Some Celtic words that have survived:
        Irish: shamrock, blarney, banshee + 40 other words.
        Scotish: clan, bog, slogan, wiskey + 30 others
        Welsh: crag, gull, pengiun + 10 others
   (Note the loss of Celtic)  

Her aethelstan cyning, / eorla drithen
beorna beahgifa, / and his brothor eac,
Eadmund aetheling, / earldorlangne tir
   ("Battle of Brunanburg", 937 A.D.)

      (notice the alliteration, the repeating of sounds rather than ryhme)
        
Danish influx: (815 A.D.)
      Mostly along the East coast of England: Danelaw
      Danish words: (many begin with sk/sc sound:  30+ words)
          skirt, sky, steak,scab, egg, get, give, they their, them, both, same
            
Norman Conquest: (1066 A.D.)

	OE: calf		Norman:	veal
	    cow				beef
	    boar			brawn
	    swine			pork
	    deer			venison
	    chicken			poultry
	    sheep			mutton

	Notice that in English we frequently have several words for the same 
object with different levels of usage. 
	83% of the 1000 most frequently used English words are Anglo-Saxon.
        11% Norman French

        In the next several thousand most frequenly used words, the rathio of 
English to French is 34% to 46%.

     In 1325 AD, we have the following:

In English tonge I schal sow telle,
sif se wyth me so longe wil dwelle.
No Latyn wil I speke no waste,                   u was spelt v
But English that men vse mast,
That can eche man vnderstande,
That is born in Ingelande;
    ("Speculum Vitea")

	Notice that by 1300, English is close enough that we can understand
much of it. Notice also in this work that lack of Norman-French.
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Some borrowed words (16th-19th century)

Italian million, stucco, vendetta, prima donna
Spanish negro, plaza, silo, cafeteria, boss, dope
German lobby, plunder, saber, semester, bum, fankfurter
Slavic czar, steppe, tundra, vodka
       pogram, soviet, robot, babushka
Arabic: admiral, cotton, mattress, algebra, zenith, lemon, cipher, sofa, zero
         candy, safari, genie, jar, syrup, assassin
Hebrew: amen, hemp, manna, stan, rabbi, kibbutz, babel
Persian: tiger, paradise, scarlet, shess, azure, bazaar, shawl, spinach
Turkic: horde, tulip, vampire, turban, coffee
India: pepper, ginger, sandal, pundit, cot, jungle, sari, juggernaut, jute
Chinese: silk, tea, ketchupp, kowtow
Japanese:tycoon, hari-kari, zen, judo, karate
Polynesian: bamboo, junk, launch, caddy, amok